Network
A network is a collection of computers server,mainframes, network devices, peripherals or other device connected to one another to allow the sharing data . for example : Internet, which connects ,millions of people all over the world.the link connecting the devices are often called communication channel.
You can also say , A network is consists of 2 or more computers connected together , and they can communicate and share resources.
A computer network is an arrangement that enables two or more computers to communicate to each other sharing resources,information and services.
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Network criteria : Network criteria is a standard of factors that affects the network performance.
Three necessary criteria for an effective and efficient network :
Ans : To be consider effective and efficient a network must meet a number of criteria . the most Important of these are performance reliability and security.
Performance
performance can be measured in many ways, including transit time and response time transit time is the amount of time required for a message to travel from one device to another response time is the elapsed time between an inquiry and response.
The performance of a network depends on a number of factors, including the number of users, the type of transmission, medium the capabilities of the connected hardware and the efficiency of the software.
>> Numbers of users : Having a large number of concurrent users can slow response time in a network not designed to coordinate heavy traffic loads.The design of a given network is based on an assessment of the average number of users that will be communicating at any one time . In peak load periods, however, the actual number of users can exceed the average and thereby decrease performance. How a network responds to loading is measure of its performance.
>> Types of transmission medium : The medium defines the speed at which data can travel through a connection. Today's networks are moving to faster and faster transmission media,such as fiber-optic cabling, a medium that can carry data at only 10 megabits per second. However, the spreed of light imposes an upper bound on the data rate.
>> Hardware : the types of hardware included in a network affect both the speed and capacity of transmission. A higher speed computer with greater storage capacity provides better performance.
>> Software : The software used to process data at the sender,receiver and intermediate nodes also effects network performance moving a message from node to node through a network requires processing to transform the raw data into transmittable signals to router these signals to the proper destination to ensure error-free delivery, and to recast the signals into a form the receiver can use. The software that provides these services affects both the speed and the reliability of a network link. Well designed software can speed.
Reliability
In addition to accuracy of delivery networks reliability is measured frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to recover from a failure, the time it takes a link to recover from a failure , and the networks robustness in a catastrophe.
>> Frequency of failure : All networks fail occasionally . A network that fails often , however is of little value to a user.
>> Recovery time of a network : How long dose it take to restore service ?. A network that recovers quickly is more useful than one that dose not.
>> Catastrophe : Network must be protected from catastrophic events such as fire,earth-quack or theft. One protection against unforeseen damage is a reliable system to back up software.
Security
Network security issues include protecting data from unauthorized access and viruses .
>> Unauthorized access : For a network to be useful,sensitive data must be protected from unauthorized access . Protection can be accomplished at a number of levels ,At the lowest level are user identification codes and passwords .At a higher level are encryption techniques.In these mechanisms, data are systematically altered in such a way that if an unauthorized users intercepts them . They will be unintelligible .
>> Viruses : Because a network is accessible from many points . It can be susceptible to computer viruses. A virus is an illicitly introduced code that damage the system a good network is protected form viruses by hardware software designed specially for that purpose .
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